Transport Phenomena, Revised 2ed (An Indian Adaptation)

Preface to the Adapted Edition

About the Adapting Authors

Preface

Chapter 0 Introduction to Transport Phenomena

• What are the Transport Phenomena?
• Mechanisms of Transport Phenomena
• Three Levels at Which Transport Phenomena can be Studied
• The Concept of a Continuum
• Conservation Laws: Mass, Momentum, and Energy

Part 1: Momentum Transport

Chapter 1 Viscosity and the Mechanisms of Momentum Transport

• Molecular Momentum Transport
• Convective Momentum Transport
• Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity
• Molecular Theory of the Viscosity of Gases at Low Density
• Molecular Theory of the Viscosity of Liquids
• Viscosity of Suspensions and Emulsions

Chapter 2 Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity Distributions in Laminar Flow

• Shell Momentum Balances and Boundary Conditions
• Flow of a Falling Film on an Inclined Flat Plate
• Flow Through a Vertical Circular Tube
• Flow Through an Annulus
• Flow of Two Adjacent Immiscible Fluids
• Laminar Slit Flow with Stationary and with a Moving Wall (“Plane Couette Flow”)
• Flow Around a Sphere

Chapter 3 The Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems

• The Equation of Continuity
• The Equation of Motion
• The Equation of Angular Momentum
• The Equations of Change in terms of the Substantial Derivative
• Simplified Forms of the Equation of Motion
• Use of the Equations of Change to Solve Flow Problems
• Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change

Chapter 4 Velocity Distributions with More Than One Independent Variable

• Two Dimensional and Time-Dependent Flow of Newtonian Fluids
• Solving Flow Problems Using a Stream Function Vorticity Stream Function and Streamlines
• Flow of Inviscid Fluids by Use of the Velocity Potential
• Flow Near Solid Surfaces by Boundary-Layer Theory

Chapter 5 Velocity Distributions in Turbulent Flow

• Comparisons of Laminar and Turbulent Flows
• Time-Smoothed Equations of Change for Incompressible Fluids
• The Time-Smoothed Velocity Profile Near a Wall
• Empirical Expressions for the Turbulent Momentum Flux
• Turbulent Flow in Ducts
• Turbulent Flow in Jets

Chapter 6 Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems

• Definition of Friction Factors
• Friction Factors for Flow in Tubes
• Friction Factors for Flow Around Spheres
• Friction Factors for Packed Columns

Chapter 7 Non-Newtonian Liquids

• Examples of the Behavior of Polymeric Liquids
• Rheometry and Material Functions
• Non-Newtonian Viscosity and the Generalized Newtonian Models
• Elasticity and the Linear Viscoelastic Models

Part 2: Energy Transport

Chapter 8 Thermal Conductivity and the Mechanisms of Energy Transport

• Molecular Energy Transport
• Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Thermal Conductivity
• Theory of Thermal Conductivity of Gases at Low Density
• Theory of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
• Thermal Conductivity of Solids
• Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Solids
• Convective Transport of Energy
• Work Associated with Molecular Motions
• Radiative Transport of Energy

Chapter 9 Shell Energy Balances and Temperature Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flow

• Shell Energy Balances; Boundary Conditions
• Heat Conduction through Composite Walls
• Heat Conduction in a Cooling Fin
• Heat Conduction from a Sphere to a Stagnant Fluid
• Heat Conduction with a Nuclear Heat Source
• Heat Conduction with an Electrical Heat Source
• Heat Conduction with a Viscous Heat Source
• Heat Conduction with a Chemical Reaction Heat Source
• Forced Convection
• Free Convection

Chapter 10 The Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems

• The Energy Equation
• The Equation of Mechanical Energy
• Special Forms of the Energy Equation
• The Boussinesq Equation of Motion for Forced and Free Convection
• Use of the Equations of Change to Solve Steady-State Problems
• Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems

Chapter 11 Temperature Distributions with More Than One Independent Variable

• Unsteady Heat Conduction in Solids
• Steady Heat Conduction in Laminar, Incompressible Flow
• Steady Potential Flow of Heat in Solids
• Boundary Layer Theory for Nonisothermal Flow

Chapter 12 Temperature Distributions in Turbulent Flow

• Time-Smoothed Equations of Change for Incompressible Nonisothermal Flow
• The Time-Smoothed Temperature Profile Near a Wall
• Empirical Expressions for the Turbulent Heat Flux Eddy Thermal Conductivity The Mixing-Length Expression of Prandtl and Taylor
• Temperature Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Tubes
• Temperature Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Jets
• Fourier Analysis of Energy Transport in Tube Flow at Large Prandtl Numbers

Chapter 13 Interphase Transport in Nonisothermal Systems

• Definitions of Heat Transfer Coefficients
• Analytical Calculations of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection Through Tubes and Slits
• Heat Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection in Tubes
• Heat Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection around Submerged Objects
• Heat Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection through Packed Beds
• Heat Transfer Coefficients for Free and Mixed Convection
• Heat Transfer Coefficients for Condensation of Pure Vapors on Solid Surfaces

Chapter 14 Energy Transport by Radiation

• The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation
• Absorption and Emission at Solid Surfaces

• Planck’s Distribution Law, Wien’s Displacement Law, and the Stefan–Boltzmann Law
• Direct Radiation Between Black Bodies in Vacuo at Different Temperatures
• Radiation Between Nonblack Bodies at Different Temperatures
• Radiant Energy Transport in Absorbing Media

Part 3: Mass Transport

Chapter 15 Diffusivity and the Mechanisms of Mass Transport

• Molecular Mass Transport

• Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Diffusivities
• Theory of Diffusion in Gases at Low Density
• Theory of Diffusion in Binary Liquids
• Theory of Diffusion in Colloidal Suspensions
• Theory of Diffusion of Polymers
• Mass and Molar Transport by Convection
• Summary of Mass and Molar Fluxes
• The Maxwell–Stefan Equations for Multicomponent Diffusion in Gases at Low Density

Chapter 16 Concentration Distributions in Solids and in Laminar Flow

• Shell Mass Balances; Boundary Conditions

• Diffusion Through a Stagnant Gas Film
• Diffusion with a Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction
• Diffusion with a Homogeneous Chemical Reaction
• Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film (Gas Absorption)
• Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film (Solid Dissolution)
• Diffusion and Chemical Reaction Inside a Porous Catalyst
• Diffusion in a Three-Component Gas System

Chapter 17 Equations of Change for Multicomponent Systems

• The Equations of Continuity for a Multicomponent Mixture
• Summary of the Multicomponent Equations of Change
• Summary of the Multicomponent Fluxes
• Use of the Equations of Change for Mixtures
• Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change

Chapter 18 Concentration Distributions with More Than One Independent Variable

• Time-Dependent Diffusion
• Steady-State Transport in Binary Boundary Layers
• Steady-State Boundary Layer Theory for Flow Around Objects
• Boundary Layer Mass Transport with Complex Interfacial Motion
• “Taylor Dispersion” In Laminar Tube Flow

Chapter 19 Concentration Distributions in Turbulent Flow

• Concentration Fluctuations and the Time-Smoothed Concentration
• Time-Smoothing of the Equation of Continuity of A
• Semi-Empirical Expressions for the Turbulent Mass Flux Eddy Diffusivity
• Enhancement of Mass Transfer by a First-Order Reaction in Turbulent Flow
• Turbulent Mixing and Turbulent Flow with Second-Order Reaction

Chapter 20 Interphase Transport in Nonisothermal Mixtures

• Definition of Transfer Coefficients in One Phase

• Analytical Expressions for Mass Transfer Coefficients
• Correlation of Binary Transfer Coefficients in One Phase
• Definition of Transfer Coefficients in Two Phases
• Mass Transfer and Chemical Reactions
• Combined Heat and Mass Transfer by Free Convection
• Effects of Interfacial Forces on Heat and Mass Transfer
• Transfer Coefficients at High Net Mass Transfer Rates
• Matrix Approximations for Multicomponent Mass Transport

Chapter 21 Macroscopic Balances for Multicomponent Systems

• The Macroscopic Mass Balances

• The Macroscopic Momentum and Angular Momentum Balances
• The Macroscopic Energy Balance
• The Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance
• Estimation of the Viscous Loss
• Use of the Macroscopic Balances to Solve Steady-State Problems
• se of the Macroscopic Balances to Solve Unsteady-State Problems

Chapter 22 Other Mechanisms for Mass Transport

• The Equation of Change for Entropy

• The Flux Expressions for Heat and Mass
• Concentration Diffusion and Driving Forces
• Applications of the Generalized Maxwell–Stefan Equations
• Mass Transfer Across Selectively Permeable Membranes
• Mass Transport in Porous Media
• Ion Fluxes and Nernst-Planck Equation

Part 4: Computational Transport Phenomena

Chapter 23 Introduction to Computational Transport Phenomena

• Importance of the Computational Transport Phenomena

• Strategy of the Computational Transport Phenomena
• System Geometry and Discretization
• Solution Methodology
• Software Packages and Illustration Examples

Appendix A: Vector and Tensor Notation

• Vector Operations from a Geometrical Viewpoint

• Vector Operations in Terms of Components
• Tensor Operations in Terms of Components
• Vector and Tensor Differential Operations
• Vector and Tensor Integral Theorems
• Vector and Tensor Algebra in Curvilinear Coordinates
• Differential Operations in Curvilinear Coordinates
• Integral Operations in Curvilinear Coordinates
• Further Comments on Vector–Tensor Notation

Appendix B: The Fluxes and the Equations of Change

• Newton’s Law of Viscosity

• Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
• Fick’s (First) Law of Binary Diffusion
• The Equation of Continuity
• The Equation of Motion in Terms of t
• Equation of Motion for a Newtonian Fluid with Constant ρ and μ
• The Dissipation Function Φv for Newtonian Fluids
• The Equation of Energy in Terms of q
• The Equation of Energy for Pure Newtonian Fluids with Constant ρ and k
• The Equation of Continuity for Species α in Terms of ja
• The Equation of Continuity for Species A in Terms of ωA for Constant ρ $AB

Appendix C: Mathematical Topics

• Some Ordinary Differential Equations and their Solutions

• Expansions of Functions in Taylor Series
• Differentiation of Integrals (The Leibniz Formula)
• The Gamma Function
• The Hyperbolic Functions
• The Error Function

Appendix D: The Kinetic Theory of Gases

• The Boltzmann Equation

• The Equations of Change
• The Molecular Expressions for the Fluxes
• The Solution to the Boltzmann Equation
• The Fluxes in Terms of the Transport Properties
• The Transport Properties in Terms of the Intermolecular Forces
• Concluding Comments

Appendix E: Tables for Prediction of Transport Properties

Appendix F: Constants and Conversion Factors

• Mathematical Constants

• Physical Constants
• Conversion Factors

Author Index

Subject Index