Bitcoin For Dummies, 2ed

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Basic Optical Calculations

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Wave Propagation  

1.3 Calculating Wave Propagation in Real Life

1.4 Detection

1.5 Coherent Detection

1.6 Interferometers

1.7 Photon Budgets and Operating Specifications

1.8 Signal Processing Strategy

2 Sources and Illuminators

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Spectrum

2.3 Radiometry

2.4 Continuum Sources

2.5 Interlude: Coherence

2.6 More Sources

2.7 Incoherent Line Sources

2.9 Lasers

2.10 Gas Lasers

2.11 Solid-State Lasers

2.12 Diode Lasers

2.13 Laser Noise

3 Optical Detection

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratios

3.3 Detector Figures of Merit

3.5 Photomultipliers

3.6 Thermal Detectors

3.7 Image Intensifiers

3.9 How Do I Know Which Noise Source Dominates?

3.10 Hacks

4 Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Optical Materials

4.4 Surface Quality

4.5 Windows

4.6 Pathologies of Optical Elements

4.7 Fringes

4.8 Mirrors

4.10 Prism Pathologies

4.11 Lenses

2 Complex Lenses

3 Other Lens like

5 Coatings, Filters and Surface Finishes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Metal Mirrors

5.4 Simple Coating Theory

5.5 Moth-Eye Finishes

5.6 Absorptive Filters

5.7 Beam Dumps and Baffles

5.8 White Surfaces and Diffusers

6 Polarization

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Polarization of Light

6.3 Interaction of Polarization with Materials

6.4 Absorption Polarizers

6.5 Brewster Polarizers

6.6 Birefringent Polarizers

6.7 Double-Refraction Polarizers

6.8 TIR Polarizers

6.9 Retarders

6.10 Polarization Control

7 Exotic Optical Components

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Gratings

7.3 Grating Pathologies

7.4 Types of Gratings

7.5 Resolution of Grating Instruments

7.6 Fine Points of Gratings

7.7 Holographic Optical Elements

7.8 Photonic Crystals and Metamaterials

7.9 Retroreflective Materials

7.10 Scanners

7.11 Modulators

8 Fiber Optics

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Fiber Characteristics

8.3 Fiber Theory

8.4 Fiber Types

8.5 Other Fiber Properties

8.6 Working with Fibers

8.7 Fiber Devices

8.8 Diode Lasers and Fiber Optics

8.9 Fiber Optic Sensors

8.10 Intensity Sensors

8.11 Spectrally Encoded Sensors

8.12 Polarimetric Sensors

8.13 Fiber Interferometers

8.14 Two-Beam Fiber Interferometers

8.15 Multiple Beam Fiber Interferometers

8.17 Multiplexing and Smart Structures

8.18 Fiber Sensor Hype

9 Optical Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 What, Exactly, Does a Lens Do?

9.3 Diffraction

9.4 Aberrations

9.5 Representing Aberrations

9.6 Optical Design Advice

9.7 Practical Applications

9.8 Illuminators 311

10 Optical Measurements

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Grass on the Empire State Building

10.3 Detection Issues: When Exactly Is Background Bad?

1 Measure the Right Thing

10.5 Getting More Signal Photons

10.6 Reducing the Background Fluctuations

10.7 Optically Zero-Background Measurements

10.8 Spectrally Resolved Measurements

10.9 Electronically Zero-Background Measurements

10.10 Labeling Signal Photons

10.11 Closure

11 Designing Electro-Optical Systems

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Do You Really Want To Do This?

11.3 Very Basic Marketing

11.4 Classes of Measurement

11.5 Technical Taste

11.6 Instrument Design

11.7 Guiding Principles

11.8 Design for Alignment

11.9 Turning a Prototype into a Product

12 Building Optical Systems

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Construction Style

12.3 Build What You Designed

12.4 Assembling Lab Systems

12.6 Collimating Beams

12.7 Focusing

12.8 Alignment and Testing

12.9 Prototypes

12.10 Aligning Beams with Other Beams

12.11 Advanced Tweaking

12.13 Adhesives

12.14 Cleaning

12.15 Environmental Considerations

13 Signal Processing

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Analog Signal Processing Theory

13.4 Amplifiers

13.5 Departures From Linearity

13.6 Noise and Interference

13.7 Frequency Conversion

13.8 Filtering

13.9 Signal Detection

13.10 Reducing Interference and Noise

13.11 Data Acquisition and Control

14 Electronic Building Blocks

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Resistors

14.3 Capacitors

14.4 Transmission Lines

14.5 Transmission Line Devices

14.6 Diodes

14.7 Bipolar Junction Transistors

14.8 Field-Effect Transistors (FETs)

14.9 Heterojunction FETs

14.10 Signal Processing Components

14.11 Digitizers

14.12 Analog Behavior of Digital Circuits

15 Electronic Subsystem Design

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Design Approaches

15.3 Perfection

15.4 Feedback Loops

15.5 Local Feedback

15.6 Signal Detectors

15.7 Phase-Locked Loops

15.8 Calibration

15.9 Filters

15.10 Other Stuff

15.11 More Advanced Feedback Techniques

15.12 Hints

15.13 Linearizing

15.17 Bulletproofing

15.18 Interference

15.19 Reliable Designs

16 Electronic Construction Techniques

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Circuit Strays

16.3 Circuit Boards

16.4 Stray Coupling

16.5 Ground Plane Construction

16.6 Technical Noise and Interference

16.7 Product Construction

16.8 Getting Ready

16.9 Prototyping

16.10 Surface Mount Prototypes

16.11 Prototyping Filters

16.12 Tuning, or, You Can't Hit What You Can't See

17 Digital Signal Processing

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Elementary Operations

17.3 Dead Time Correction

17.4 Fourier Domain Techniques

17.5 The Fast Fourier Transform

17.6 Power Spectrum Estimation

17.7 Digital Filtering

17.8 Deconvolution

17.9 Resampling

17.10 Fixing Space-Variant Instrument Functions

17.11 Finite Precision Effects

17.12 Pulling Data Out of Noise

18 Front Ends

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Photodiode Front Ends

18.3 Key Idea: Reduce the Swing Across Cd

18.4 Transimpedance Amplifiers

18.5 External Input Stages

18.6 How to Go Faster

18.7 Advanced Photodiode Front Ends

18.8 Other Types of Front End

18.9 Hints

19 Bringing Up the System

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Avoiding Catastrophe

19.3 Debugging and Troubleshooting

19.4 Getting Ready

19.5 Indispensable Equipment

19.6 Debugging Pickup and Interference Problems

19.7 Digital Troubleshooting

19.8 Analog Electronic Troubleshooting

19.9 Oscillations

19.10 Other Common Problems

19.11 Debugging and Troubleshooting Optical Subsystems

19.12 Localizing the Problem

20 Thermal Control

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Thermal Problems and Solutions

20.3 Heat Flow

20.4 Insulation

20.7 Heat Sinks

23 Local Feedback Loops

20.9 Temperature Controllers

Appendix A Good Books 735

A.1 Why Books?

A.2 Good Books for Instrument Builders

Notation

Physical Constants and Rules of Thumb

Index