Wiley's Physical Chemistry for NEET and other Medical Entrance Examinations, 2nd, 2025
ISBN: 9789357465236
820 pages
For more information write to us at: acadmktg@wiley.com
Description
Physical Chemistry for NEET and other Medical Entrance Examinations is a definitive text offering for medical aspirants. This compelling solution is designed to take care needs of students preparing for NEET-UG, (formerly, AIPMT) for admission to MBBS and dental courses across the country. The premise is to encourage self-study in students and help them develop understanding of the concepts and build an aptitude to apply the same learning to solve problems.
Preface
1 Basic Concepts
Matter and its Nature
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Concept of Atom, Molecule, Element and Compound
Representation of Physical Quantities
Precision and Accuracy
Significant Figures
The International System of Units (S.I.)
Physical Quantities and Their Measurements
Dimensional Analysis
1.2 Mole – Basic Introduction
Laws of Chemical Combinations
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Definite Proportions
Law of Multiple Proportions
Gay–Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
Avogadro’s Law
Atomic and Molecular Masses
Equivalent Mass
Mole Concept and Molar Masses
Mole Concept and Volume (L) of Ideal Gas at NTP/STP
1.3 Percentage Composition
Empirical and Molecular Formulae
1.4 Mole Concept – Stoichiometry
Balancing of Chemical Equations
Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations
Limiting Reagent
Theoretical and Actual Yields
1.5 Principle of Atom Conservation (POAC)
1.6 Concentration Terms
Relation between Stoichiometric Quantities
1.7 Miscellaneous Application of Mole Concept: Gravimetric Analysis
1.8 Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
2 Structure of Atom
2.1 Discovery of Electron
Thomson Experiment–Determination
Mass Ratio
Millikan Oil Drop Experiment – Charge
2.2 Discovery of Protons and Neutrons
Anode Ray Experiment
2.3 Some Prerequisites of Physics
2.4 Atomic Models
Thomson Model of Atom
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
Drawbacks of Rutherford Model
2.5 Representation of Atom with Electrons
Isobars and Isotopes
Isotones, Isodiaphers and Nuclear Isomers
2.6 Nature of Waves
2.7 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
2.8 Planck’s Quantum Theory
Blackbody Radiation
2.9 Spectra -Continuous and Discontinuous
Atomic Spectra
2.10 Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
Bohr’s Postulates
Radius of Bohr Orbits in Hydrogen
Velocity of Electron
Energy of Electron in Hydrogen Atom
Ionization Energy (Enthalpy)
Line Spectra of Hydrogen
Limitations of Bohr’s Model
2.11 Photoelectric Effect
2.12 Dual Nature of Matter
de Broglie Equation
2.13 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Significance of Uncertainty Principle
2.14 Number of Waves Made by the Electron
2.15 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
Hydrogen Atom and the Schrodinger
Important Features of Quantum Mechanical
2.16 Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
Selection Rules Governing Allowed
Quantum Numbers
Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
Electron Spin and Spin Quantum Number
Energies of Orbitals
Effective Nuclear Charge
2.17 Electronic Configuration of Atoms
Aufbau Principle
Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
Writing Electronic Configuration
Explanation for Exceptions in Electronic
Configuration in Cu and Cr
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
3 States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
3.1 Characteristics of Gases
3.2 Pressure as Measured Property of Gas
Units of Pressure
3.3 Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
Charle’s Law
Gay–Lussac’s Law
Avogadro’s Law
Combined Gas Laws
3.4 Ideal Gas Law
Dimension and Numerical Values of R
Density and Molar Mass Measurement of a Gas
Illustrations Based on Mercury Column
3.5 Faulty Barometer
3.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Relative Humidity
Partial Pressure in Terms of Mole Fraction
3.7 Graham’s Law of Effusion and Diffusion
Variation of Pressure Inside a Container During Effusion of a Gas
3.8 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Postulates
Prediction of Gas Laws
Derivation of Kinetic Gas Equation
Kinetic Energy of Gas and Average, Most Probable and Root Mean Square Speeds
Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution of Molecular Speeds
Derivation of Kinetic Gas Equation
3.9 Molecular Collisions
3.10 Real Gases and Their Deviation from Ideal Gas Behavior
The van der Waals Equation for Deviations from Ideal Behavior
3.11 Compressibility Factor
3.12 Liquefaction of Gases
Expressions of Critical Constants in Terms of van der Waals Constants
Experimental Methods for Liquefaction of Gases
3.13 Heat Capacity and Specific Heats of Gases
Heat Capacity at Constant Volume
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
3.14 Liquid State
Vapor Pressure
3.15 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids
3.16 Characteristic Properties of Liquids: Surface Tension and Viscosity
Surface Tension
Viscosity
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
4 Thermodynamics
4.1 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
System and its Surroundings
Types of the System
Thermodynamic Properties
Types of Thermodynamic Processes
4.2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
4.3 Energy of the Thermodynamic System
Internal Energy
Work
Heat
4.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Mathematical Derivation of First Law
4.5 Calculation of Work in Different Processes
4.6 Enthalpy or Heat Content, H
Mathematical Derivation of DH
Relationship between DU and DH
4.7 Expansion and Compression of an Ideal Gas
Isothermal Expansion or Compression
Adiabatic Expansion or Compression
Isobaric and Isochoric Processes
4.8 Calorimetry
ΔU Measurement
ΔH Measurement
4.9 Thermochemistry
Enthalpy Changes During Phase Transformations
Enthalpy of Formation
Enthalpy of Reaction
4.10 Thermochemical Equations
4.11 Laws of Thermochemistry
Lavoisier–Laplace Law
Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation
4.12 Enthalpies of Different Types of Reactions
Enthalpy of Neutralization
Enthalpy of Combustion (Symbol:ΔcH)
Enthalpy of Atomization (Symbol:ΔaH)
Enthalpy of Solution (Symbol:ΔsolH)
4.13 Bond Enthalpy and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
Lattice Enthalpy
4.14 Spontaneity
Enthalpy a Criterion for Spontaneity
4.15 Entropy and Spontaneity
Calculation of ΔS for Different Processes
Factors Affecting Entropy
Entropy of Physical Changes
Entropy of Chemical Changes
4.16 Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
Mathematical Derivation of ΔG
4.17 Second Law of Thermodynamics
4.18 Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
4.19 Third Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
5 Hydrogen and its Compounds
5.1 Physical Equilibria
Solid–Liquid Equilibrium
Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium
Solid–Vapor Equilibrium
Equilibrium in Dissolution of Solids and
Gases in Liquids and Henry’s Law
Characteristics of Physical Equilibria
5.2 Chemical Equilibria – Dynamic Equilibrium
5.3 Law of hemical Equilibrium and
Equilibrium Constant
Law of Mass Action
Equilibrium Constants Kp and KC
Units of Kp and KC
Characteristics of Equilibrium Constant
5.4 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria
5.5 Applications of Equilibrium Constants
Predicting the Extent of Reaction
Predicting the Direction of Reaction
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
Degree of Dissociation
5.6 Gibbs Energy Change and Chemical Equilibrium
5.7 Simultaneous Equilibrium
5.8 Le Chatelier’s Principle and Factors
Affecting Equilibria
Effect of Change in Concentration
Effect of Change in Pressure
Effect of Change of Volume
Effect of Change in Temperature
Effect of Addition of Inert Gas
Some Special Cases
Effect of Adding Catalyst
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
6 The s-Block Elements and their Compounds
6.1 Weak and Strong Electrolytes
6.2 Ionization of Electrolytes
Ostwald’s Dilution Law
Common Ion Effect
6.3 Concepts of Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Concept
Bronsted–Lowry Concept
Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
6.4 Acid–Base Equilibria and Ionization Constants
Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
Ionic Product of Water
pH Concept
Deriving Relation between Ka and Kb
6.5 Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
6.6 Ionization of Polyprotic Acids
6.7 Factors Affecting Acid Strength
6.8 Acid–Base Neutralization – Formation of Salts
6.9 pH Calculation of Single Monobasic Acid or Monoacidic Base
6.10 pH Calculation of a Mixture of Two Acids or Bases
pH of Mixture of Strong Acids in Water
6.11 pH Calculation for Polyprotic Acids
6.12 Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of Their Solutions
Salt of Strong Acid and Strong Base
Salt of Weak Acid and Strong Base
Salt of Strong Acid and Weak Base
Salt of Weak Acid and Weak Base
Salts of Weak Polyprotic Acids
pH Calculation of Amphoteric and Amphiprotic Ions
6.13 Buffer Solutions
Identification of Buffer
pH of Buffer Solutions:
Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
Salt Buffer
Buffer Capacity
Buffer Range
6.14 Acid–Base Titrations
Strong Acid vs. Strong Base
Weak Acid vs. Strong Base
Weak Base vs. Strong Acid
Titration Curves for Diprotic Acids
6.15 Theory of Indicators
Working of Indicators
Ostwald and Quinoid Selection of Indicators
6.16 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
Solubility Product Constant
Calculation of Solubility of Salts
Effect of Common Ion on Solubility
Effect of Hydrolysis on Solubility
6.17 Preferential Precipitation of Salts
6.18 Applications of Solubility Product
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
7 Redox Reactions
7.1 Oxidation Number Concept
Oxidation Number and Oxidation State
Types of Redox Reactions
7.2 Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation and Reduction as Electron Transfer Reactions
Displacement Reactions and Activity Series
7.3 Calculation of n-Factor in a Reaction
7.4 Balancing of Redox Reactions
Half-Reaction (Ion Electron) Method
Oxidation Number Method
Fastest Method for Balancing an Equation
7.5 Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions and Concept of Gram Equivalents
7.6 Volumetric Analysis
Some Terms Used in Volumetric Analysis
7.7 Redox Titrations
7.8 Applications of Redox Reactions
Volume Strength of H2O2 Solution
Percentage Labeling of Oleum
Other Applications
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
8 Solid State
8.1 Classification of Solids
Based on Arrangement of Particles
Based on Nature of Bonds
8.2 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
Crystal Systems
Bravais Lattices
8.3 Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
8.4 Cubic Lattice – Simple, Face Centered and Body Centered
8.5 Close-Packing in Crystals
Close Packing in One Dimension
Close Packing in Two Dimensions
Close Packing in Three Dimensions
8.6 Packing Efficiency or Packing Fraction
8.7 Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids
Tetrahedral Voids
Octahedral Voids
Formula of a Compound and the Number of Voids Filled
8.8 Radius Ratio Rule and Ionic Radius
Mathematical Calculation for Critical Radius Ratio
Ionic Radius
8.9 Simple Ionic Compounds
Rock Salt (or NaCl) Type of Structure
Sphalerite or Zinc Blende (ZnS) Structure
Fluorite Structure (CaF2)
Caesium Chloride (CsCl) Type of Structure
Antifluorite Structure (Na2O)
Structure of Diamond
Effect of Temperature/Pressure on Crystal Structure
8.10 X-Ray Diffraction Used to Study Crystal
Structures (Bragg’s Law)
8.11 Defects in Crystals
Types of Point Defects
8.12 Electrical Properties of Solids
Conduction of Electricity in Metals
Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors
8.13 Magnetic Properties of Solids
8.14 Dielectric Properties of Solids
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
9 Solutions
9.1 Type of Solutions
9.2 Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
9.3 Effect of Nature of Solute and Solvent
9.4 Effect of Temperature on Solubility
9.5 Effect of Pressure on Solubility of Gases
Henry’s Law Relates Gas Solubility to Pressure
9.6 Different Methods for Expressing
Concentration of Solution
Conversions among Concentration Units
9.7 Vapor Pressure of Solutions
Raoult’s Law
Vapor Pressure of Liquid–Liquid Solutions
Vapor Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
9.8 Enthalpy of Solution
9.9 Ideal Solutions
Vapor Pressure of Ideal Binary Liquid Solution
9.10 Non-Ideal Solutions
Azeotropic (Constant Boiling) Mixtures
9.11 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
Relative Lowering of Vapor Pressure
Elevation of Boiling Point
Depression in Freezing Point
Osmotic Pressure
9.12 Abnormal Molar Masses and van’t Hoff Factor
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
10 Electrochemistry
10.1 Electrochemical Cells
Galvanic Cell
10.2 Electrode Potential
Oxidation and Reduction Potential
Potential of a Cell or EMF
Reversible and Irreversible Cells
Electrochemical Conventions
10.3 Measurement of Electrode Potential
Some Reference Electrodes
Electrochemical Series
10.4 Thermodynamics of a Cell
Cell Potential and Gibbs Energy Change
10.5 Nernst Equation
Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
Applications of Nernst Equation
10.6 Calculation of Eo cell
10.7 Types of Electrodes
10.8 Concentration Cells
Electrode Concentration Cells
Electrolyte Concentration Cells
Applications of Concentration Cells
10.9 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
Products Formed in Electrolysis
10.10 Applications of Electrolytic Process
Corrosion and its Prevention
Electroplating
Purification of Metals
Electrometallurgy
Preparation of Compounds
10.11 Batteries
Primary Cells
Secondary (Storage) Cells
Lithium Batteries
Fuel Cells
10.12 Electrical Conductance
Metallic Conductors
Electrolytic Conductors
Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conductance
10.13 Conductance in Solutions of Electrolytes
Interionic Attraction Theory of Conductance
Electrical Resistance and Conductance
Measurement of the Conductance of Ionic Solutions
Molar and Equivalent Conductance
Kohlrausch’s Law
Applications of Kohlrausch Law of Independent
Ionic Migration
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
11 Chemical Kinetics
11.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Average and Instantaneous Rates
11.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
11.3 Differential Rate Expression and Rate Constant
11.4 Elementary and Complex Reactions
11.5 Molecularity of a Reaction
11.6 Order of a Reaction
Units of Rate Constant
11.7 Calculations of Order and Molecularity Based on Reaction Mechanisms
11.8 Pseudo Order Reactions
11.9 Integrated Rate Equations
Zero Order Reactions
First Order Reactions
Second Order Reactions
Third Order Reactions
Higher nth Order Reactions
Replacement of Concentration Terms by other Variables
First Order Reactions
11.10 Half-Life of Reactions and Radioactivity
Radioactivity
11.11 Determination of Order of Simple Reactions – Experimental Methods
11.12 Effect of Temperature – Arrhenius Theory
Activated Complex Theory and Concept of
Activation Energy
Arrhenius Equation and Calculation of
Activation Energy
11.13 Effect of Catalyst
11.14 Collision Theory
Limitation of Collision Theory
Rising Temperature Increases Reaction Rate
Chapter in Two Minutes
Solved Examples
Solved Previous Years’ NEET Questions
Additional Objective Questions
Answer Key
Hints and Explanations
12 Surface Chemistry
12.1 Adsorption
Adsorption and Related Phenomena
Adsorption Mechanism
Physisorption and Chemisorption
12.2 Factors Affecting Adsorption
Adsorption of Gases on Solids
Adsorption of Solids from Solutions
12.3 Adsorption Isotherms
Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
Multilayer Adsorption
12.4 Some Applications of Adsorption
12.5 Catalysis
Characteristics of Catalysts
12.6 Types of Catalytic Reactions
12.7 Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
12.8 Shape-Selective Catalysis by Zeolites
12.9 Enzyme Catalysis
Characteristic Features of Enzymes
Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis
12.10 Catalysts in Industry
12.11 Colloids
Types of Colloids
Mechanism of Micelle Formation
12.12 Preparation of Colloids
Dispersion Methods
Condensation Methods
12.13 Purification of Colloidal Solutions
12.14 Properties of Colloidal Solutions
12.15 Coagulation or Precipitation and Hardy–Schulze Rule
Coagulation of Lyophobic Sols
Coagulation of Lyophilic Sols
Hardy–Schulze Rule
12.16 Protection of Colloids
12.17 Emulsions
Emulsification and De-Emulsification
12.18 Role of Colloids in Natural Phenomena and in Industry
Industrial