Wiley's J.D. Lee Concise Inorganic Chemistry for JEE (Main & Advanced), 5ed, 2025

Preface

Note to the Student

1. Structure of an Atom

1.1 Atoms

1.2 Some Important Definitions

1.3 Electronic Configuration of an Atom

Quantum numbers

Aufbau principle

Pauli exclusion principle

Hund’s rule

Stability of half-filled and fully-filled shells

Electronic configuration of ions

Nodal planes of different orbitals

Slater’s rule

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion-Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix-Match Type Questions

Answers

2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties

2.1 Periodic Table

Genesis of periodic classification

Moseley’s work

Modern periodic law

2.2 Classification of Elements Based on Electronic Configuration

Prediction of period and group number of an element from its electronic configuration

Neil Bohr’s classification

Naming of super heavy elements

2.3 Periodic Trends in Properties

Atomic radius

Ionic radius

Ionization energy

Applications of ionization energy

Electron affinity

Electronegativity

Lattice energy

Hydration energy

Ionic mobility

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

3. Chemical Bonding

3.1 Attainment of a Stable Configuration

3.2 Types of Bonds

3.3 Transitions Between the Main Types of Bonding

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Oxidation numbers

Coordinate bonds

Double and triple bonds

Metallic bonds and metallic structures

3.4 The Covalent Bond

The Lewis theory

Sidgwick–Powell theory

3.5 Valence Bond Theory

What is the essence of hybridization?

Features of hybrid orbitals

Calculation of steric number

3.6 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

Effect of lone pair

Effect of double bond

Effect of electronegativity

Back bonding

3.7 The Extent of d Orbital Participation in Molecular Bonding

3.8 Types of Covalent Bonds (Sigma (s ) and Pi (p ) Bonds)

Bridge bonding

3.9 Molecular Orbital Method

3.10 LCAO Method

s–s combinations of orbitals

s–p combinations of orbitals

p–p combinations of orbitals

p–d combinations of orbitals

d–d combinations of orbitals

Non-bonding combinations of orbitals

3.11 Rules for Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals

3.12 Examples of Molecular Orbital Treatment for Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

H2+ molecule ion

H2 molecule

He2+ molecule ion

He2 molecule

Li2 molecule

Be2 molecule

B2 molecule

C2 molecule

N2 molecule

O2 molecule

O-2 ion

F2 molecule

3.13 Examples of Molecular Orbital Treatment for Heteronuclear

Diatomic Molecules

NO molecule

CO molecule

3.14 Dipole Moment

Application of dipole moment

Some special cases

3.15 The Ionic Bond

Radius ratio rules

Calculation of some limiting radius ratio values

3.16 Close Packing

3.17 Ionic Compounds of the Type AX (ZnS, NaCl, CsCl)

Structures of zinc sulphide

Sodium chloride structure

Caesium chloride structure

3.18 Ionic Compounds of the Type AX2 (CaF2, TiO2, SiO2)

Calcium fluoride (fluorite) structure

Rutile structure

b-cristobalite (silica) structure

3.19 Layer Structures (CdI2, CdCl2, [NiAs])

Cadmium iodide structure

Cadmium chloride structure

Nickel arsenide structure

3.20 Lattice Energy

3.21 Stoichiometric Defects

Schottky defects

Frenkel defects

3.22 Nonstoichiometric Defects

Metal excess

Metal deficiency

3.23 Born–Haber Cycle

3.24 Polarizing Power and Polarizability – Fajans’ Rules

Properties of ionic compounds affected by polarization

3.25 Melting Point of Ionic Compounds

3.26 Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Prediction of solubility order in ionic compounds

3.27 Electrical Conductivity and Colour

3.28 Acidic Nature of Oxides

3.29 Thermal Stability of Ionic Compounds

3.30 Weak Forces

Attractive intermolecular forces

Repulsive intermolecular forces

Lennard–Jones potential

3.31 Interactions between Ions and Covalent Molecules

3.32 The Metallic Bond

Conductivity

Lustre

Malleability and cohesive force

Crystal structures of metals

Bond lengths

3.33 Theories of Bonding in Metals

Free electron theory

Valence bond theory

Molecular orbital or band theory

3.34 Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

4. Hydrolysis

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hydrolysis Through SN1 Mechanism

4.3 Hydrolysis Through SN2 Mechanism

4.4 Hydrolysis Through Addition–Elimination Mechanism

4.5 Hydrolysis Through Addition Mechanism

4.6 Hydrolysis Through Redox Reaction

4.7 Hydrolysis Through Push–Pull Mechanism

4.8 Hydrolysis Through Mixed Mechanism

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

5. Coordination Compounds

5.1 Double Salts and Coordination Compounds

5.2 Werner’s Work

5.3 More Recent Methods of Studying Complexes

5.4 Classification of Ligands

5.5 Effective Atomic Number (EAN)

Sidgwick EAN rule

5.6 Shapes of d Orbitals

5.7 Bonding in Transition Metal Complexes

Valence bond theory

Crystal field theory

Molecular orbital theory

5.8 Valence Bond Theory

5.9 Crystal Field Theory

Octahedral complexes

5.10 Effects of Crystal Field Splitting

5.11 Tetragonal Distortion of Octahedral Complexes (Jahn-Teller Distortion)

5.12 Square Planar Arrangements

5.13 Tetrahedral Complexes

5.14 Magnetism

5.15 Extension of the Crystal Field Theory to Allow for Some Covalency

5.16 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

5.17 Isomerism

Polymerization isomerism

Ionization isomerism

Hydrate isomerism

Linkage isomerism

Coordination isomerism

Coordination position isomerism

Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

vii

6. Metallurgy

6.1 Types of Ores

6.2 Principal Steps in the Recovery of a Metal from its Ore

6.3 Concentration or Dressing of Ore

Gravity separation or levigation

Magnetic separation

Froth floatation or oil floatation

Chemical method of separation: leaching

6.4 Conversion of Concentrated Ore into its Oxide

Calcination

Roasting

6.5 Different Reduction Processes

Carbon reduction

Self reduction

Thermite reduction (or Goldschmidt-Thermite process)

Metal replacement method (Hydrometallurgy)

Electrolytic reduction

Thermal decomposition method

6.6 Purification or Refining of Metal

Thermal refining

Electrorefining

6.7 Thermodynamics of Reduction Process

6.8 Alloys and Amalgams

Classification of alloys

Characteristics of alloys

Preparation of alloys

Amalgam

6.9 Different Types of Furnaces Used in Metallurgy

6.10 Extraction of Silver

Refining of Ag

6.11 Extraction of Gold by Cyanide Process

Refining of Au

6.12 Extraction of Tin

Refining of Sn

6.13 Extraction of Magnesium

Electrolytic reduction

Carbon reduction process

Other processes

6.14 Extraction of Aluminium

Beneficiation of bauxite

Electrolytic reduction of pure Al

Electrorefining of aluminium

6.15 Extraction of Lead

Carbon reduction

Self reduction process

Refining of lead

6.16 Extraction of Copper

Refining of blister copper

6.17 Extraction of Zinc

6.18 Extraction of Iron

Purification of iron or preparation of wrought iron

Steel making

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

7. Qualitative Salt Analysis

Tests for Acid Radicals

7.1 Action of Dilute Acids

7.2 Tests for CO2

3

-/HCO-

3 and SO2

3

-/HSO-

3 Radicals

Distinction between carbonate and bicarbonate

Detection of carbonate and bicarbonate when both are present together

Distinction between sulphite and bisulphite

Some other tests for SO2

3

- ions

7.3 Tests for Sulphide (S2-) Radical

7.4 Tests for Thiosulphate (S2O3

2-) Radical

7.5 Tests for Nitrite (NO2

-) Radical

7.6 Tests for Acetate, Formate and Oxalate Radicals

Specific test for acetate (cacodyl oxide test)

Specific test for formate (mercury (II) formate test)

Specific tests for oxalate

7.7 Tests for Halide (Cl-, Br-, I-) Radicals

Specific test for Cl - (chromyl chloride test)

Specific test for Br- and I - (layer test)

Other test for Br−

Other tests for I −

7.8 Tests for Nitrate (NO3

-) Radical

7.9 Tests for Sulphate (SO2

4

-) Radical

7.10 Tests for Borate (BO3

3

-) Radical 286

7.11 Tests for Phosphate (PO3

4

-) Radical 287

7.12 Tests for Chromate (CrO2

4

-) and Dichromate (Cr2O2

7

-) Radicals

7.13 Tests for Permanganate (MnO-

4) and Manganate (MnO2

4

-) Radicals

Tests for Basic Radicals

7.14 Dry Tests for Basic Radicals

Heating effects on the dry sample

Flame test

Borax bead test

Sodium carbonate bead test

7.15 Wet Tests for Basic Radicals

Classification of cations (group analysis)

7.16 Some General Tests for Cations

Tests for group V cations

Tests for group VI and zero group cations

7.17 Specific Tests for Some Cations

Heating Effects

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

8. Hydrogen and the Hydrides

8.1 Electronic Structure

8.2 Position in the Periodic Table

8.3 Abundance of Hydrogen

8.4 Preparation of Hydrogen

8.5 Properties of Molecular Hydrogen

Physical properties

Chemical properties

Use of hydrogen as fuel

8.6 Isotopes of Hydrogen

8.7 Ortho and Para Hydrogen

8.8 Hydrides

Ionic or salt-like hydrides

Covalent hydrides

Metallic (or interstitial) hydrides

Intermediate hydrides

8.9 The Hydrogen Ion

8.10 Hydrogen Bonding

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding

Strength of hydrogen bonding

Extent of hydrogen bonding

Special cases of hydrogen bonding

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

9. The s-Block Elements and their Compounds  Group 1 – The Alkali Metals

9.1 General Properties

Electronic structure

Size of atoms and ions

Density

Ionization energy

Electronegativity and bond type

9.2 Structures of the Metals, Hardness and Cohesive Energy

Melting and boiling points

9.3 Flame Colours and Spectra

9.4 Colour of Compounds

9.5 Chemical Properties

Reaction with water

Reaction with air

Reaction with dinitrogen

9.6 Oxides, Hydroxides, Peroxides and Superoxides

Reaction with air

Normal oxides – monoxides

Hydroxides

Peroxides and superoxides

9.7 Sulphides

9.8 Oxosalts – Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Nitrates, Nitrites and Sulphates

9.9 Halides and Polyhalides

9.10 Hydrides

9.11 Solubility and Hydration

9.12 Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia

9.13 Compounds with Carbon

9.14 Complexes, Crowns and Crypts

9.15 Biological Importance

9.16 Differences between Lithium and the Other Group 1 Elements

9.17 Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide

9.18 Electrolytic Processes

Diaphragm cell

Mercury cathode cell

9.19 Preparation of Sodium Carbonate

9.20 The Solvay (or Ammonia – Soda) Process

Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Elements

9.21 General Properties

Electronic structure

Size of atoms and ions

Ionization energy

Electronegativity

Hydration energies

Solubility and lattice energy

Solutions of the metals in liquid ammonia

9.22 Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium

9.23 Chemical Properties

Reaction with water

9.24 Hydroxides

9.25 Hardness of Water

9.26 Reaction with Acids and Bases

9.27 Oxides and Peroxides

9.28 Sulphates

9.29 Nitrates

9.30 Hydrides

9.31 Halides

9.32 Nitrides

9.33 Carbides

9.34 Complexes

9.35 Biological Role of Mg2+ and Ca2+

9.36 Differences between Beryllium and the Other Group 2 Elements

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

10. The p-Block Elements and their Compounds

Part 1: The Group 13 Elements

10.1 Oxidation States and Types of Bonds

The (+III) oxidation state

The (+I) oxidation state – the ‘inert pair effect’

10.2 General Properties

Melting points, boiling points and structures i

Size of atoms and ions

Electropositive character

Ionization energy

10.3 Preparation of Boron

10.4 Reactions of Boron

10.5 Reactions of the Other Elements

Reaction with water and air

Reaction with acids and alkalis

Reaction with dioxygen

Reaction with the halogens and sulphate

Alums

Cement

10.6 Compounds of Boron and Oxygen

Boron sesquioxide and the borates

Acidic properties of H3BO3 or B(OH)3

Structures of borates

Borax

Sodium peroxoborate

Qualitative analysis of boron compounds

Fluoboric acid

10.7 The Other Group 13 Oxides

Preparation of Al2O3

Amphoteric behaviour – aluminates

10.8 Tetrahydridoborates (Borohydrides)

10.9 Halides

Trihalides

Dihalides

10.10 Complexes

10.11 Differences Between Boron and the Other Elements (Anomalous Behaviour of Boron)

10.12 Boron Hydrides

Compounds known

Preparation

10.13 Reactions of the Boranes

Hydroboration

Reaction with ammonia

Some other reactions of boranes

10.14 Structures of the Boranes

10.15 Organometallic Compounds

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions

Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions

Integer Answer Type Questions

Matrix–Match Type Questions

Answers

Part 2: The Group 14 Elements

10.16 Structure and Allotropy of the Elements

10.17 Differences Between Carbon, Silicon and the Remaining

Elements

10.18 Physical Properties

Covalent radii

Ionization energy

Melting points

Metallic and non-metallic character

Four-covalent compounds

10.19 Chemical Reactivity

Inert pair effect

10.20 Carbides

Salt-like carbides

Interstitial carbides

Covalent carbides

10.21 Oxygen Compounds of Carbon

Carbon monoxide CO

Carbon dioxide CO2

Carbon suboxides

10.22 Carbonates

10.23 Sulphides of Carbon

10.24 Oxides of Silicon

10.25 Oxides of Tin and Lead

Oxides of Tin

Oxides of Lead

10.26 Silicates

Occurrence in the Earth’s crust

Soluble silicates

10.27 Classification of Silicates

Orthosilicates (neso-silicates)

Pyrosilicates (soro-silicates, disilicates)

Cyclic silicates

Chain silicates

Sheet silicates (phyllo-silicates)

Three-dimensional silicates

10.28 Glass

10.29 Organosilicon Compounds and the Silicones

Organosilicon compounds

Preparation of organosilicon compounds

Silicones

10.30 Hydrides of Silicon

10.31 Complexes

10.32 Internal p Bonding Using d Orbitals

10.33 Halides

Tetrahalides

Catenated halides

Dihalides

10.34 Organic Derivatives

Single Correct Choice Type Questions

Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions

Comprehension Type Questions