Wiley Acing the GATE: Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2ed, 2023

Description

This book is aimed to present the subject of electronics and communication engineering in a systematic, integrated and precise manner, primarily to meet the requirements of the aspirants of GATE (EC) and to truly help them qualify the examination without unreasonable strain. The book is a self-explanatory and fully competent text which is equally useful for similar competitive examinations and undergraduate courses in electronics and communication engineering. This book aims to solve problems faced by aspirants in terms of extensive syllabus coverage, existing incongruity with syllabus, unavailability of a standard book, etc.

About the Author

Dr Anil Kumar Maini is a senior scientist and former Director of Laser Science and Technology Centre, a premier laser and optoelectronics research and development laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation of Ministry of Defence. He has worked on a wide range of electronics, optoelectronics and laser systems and his areas of expertise include optoelectronic sensor systems, laser systems, power electronics, digital electronics and related technologies. He has 16 books to his credit, which include, Lasers and Opto-electronics, Digital Electronics: Principles and Applications, Satellite Technology

Varsha Agrawal is a senior scientist at the Laser Science and Technology Centre. She is with the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) under the Government of India since the past 20 years and has been working on the design and development of a variety of electronics sub-systems for a range of defence-related applications. She has authored three books and co-authored 3 books, which include, Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications, Satellite Communications and Electronic Devices and Circuits.

Nakul Maini completed his Masters from University of Bristol, U.K. in Optical Communication and Signal Processing with merit. He has Co-authored three books, and has to his credit one design idea, two research papers and thirteen technical articles.

Table of Contents

Book Review

Preface

About the Authors

Acing the GATE

Part I: Networks, Signals and Systems

1 Network Solution Methods: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Series, Parallel and Series-Parallel Networks
Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Inductors in Series
Inductors in Parallel
Source and Network Transformations
Source Transformation
Network Transformations
Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis

2 Network Theorems

Superposition Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Reciprocity Theorem
Millman’s Theorem
Substitution, Compensation and Tellegen’s Theorems
Substitution Theorem
Compensation Theorem
Tellegen’s Theorem
Wye-Delta Transformations
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
Wye-to-Delta Transformation

3 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis Using Phasors

Introduction
Sinosoidal Steady-State Response in Time Domain
Element Steady-State Sinusoidal Response
Series RC Steady-State Sinusoidal Response
Series RL Steady-State Sinusoidal Response
Phasors

Impedance and Admittance Parameters in Frequency Domain

4 Time Domain and Frequency Domain Analysis of RLC Circuits

Time Domain Analysis of RLC Circuits
First-Order RC and RL Circuits
Initially Charged Source-Free RC Circuit
Source-Free RL Circuit with Initial Current
Singularity Functions
Step Response of an RC Circuit
Step Response of an RL Circuit
Series RLC Circuit
Frequency Response of RLC Circuits
Series RL Circuits
Series RC Circuits
Parallel RC Circuit
Parallel RL Circuit
RLC Series Circuit
RLC Parallel Circuit: Parallel Resonance

5 Solution of Network Equations Using Laplace Transform

Laplace Transform
Introduction
Properties of Laplace Transform
Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using Laplace Transform
Inverse Laplace Transform
Analyzing RLC Circuits Using Laplace Methods
Kirchoff’s Laws in s-Domain
Series Equivalence and Voltage Division
Parallel Equivalent and Current Division
Examples of Using Laplace Transform for Circuit Analyses
RC Circuit—Natural Response
RLC Parallel Circuit—Step Response

6 Linear Two-Port Networks

Introduction
Driving point and Transfer functions
Open-Circuit Impedance Parameters
Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry
Short-Circuit Admittance Parameters
Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry
Transmission Parameters
Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry
Inverse Transmission Parameters
Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry
Hybrid Parameters
Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry
Inverse Hybrid Parameters
Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry

Interrelation Between Different Parameters
Interconnection of Two-Port Networks
Cascade Connection
Series Connection
Parallel Connection

7 State Equations for Networks

Network Functions
Necessary Conditions for Driving-Point Functions
Necessary Conditions for Transfer Functions
Analysis of a Network Using State Equations
State Equations in Normal Form
State Matrix Differential Equation

8 Network Graphs

Network Graphs — An Introduction
Incidence Matrix
Fundamental Cut-Set Matrix
Fundamental or f-Cut-Set Matrix
Circuit Matrix
F-Circuit or Tie-Set Matrix
Inter-Relationships Between Different Matrices

9 Continuous-Time Signals

Fourier Series Representation of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals
Convergence of Fourier Series
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series
Fourier Transform Representation of Continuous Time Periodic Signals
Convergence of Fourier Transform
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
Sampling Theorem and Applications
Sampling with Zero-Order Hold
Aliasing Problem

10 Discrete Time Signals

Fourier Series Representation of Discrete-Time Periodic Signals
Properties of Fourier Series of Discrete-Time Periodic Signals
Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Z -Transform
Properties for ROC of z-Transforms
Properties of z-Transform
Unilateral z-Transform
Interpolation of Discrete-Time Signals

11 Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems

Introduction
Signals and Their Classification
Basic Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous and Discrete-Time Systems
Basic System Properties
LTI Systems
Discrete-Time LTI Systems
Continuous-Time LTI Systems

Properties of LTI Systems
Frequency Response of Continuous-Time LTI Systems
First-Order Continuous-Time LTI Systems
Second-Order Continuous-Time LTI Systems
Continuous-Time LTI Systems Characterized by Nth Order Differential Equations
Frequency Response of Discrete-Time LTI Systems
First-Order Discrete-Time LTI Systems
Second-Order Discrete Time LTI Systems
Discrete-Time LTI Systems Characterized by Nth Order Differential Equations
Group and Phase Delays
LTI Systems and z -Transform
LTI Systems Characterized by Difference Equations
Interconnections of LTI Systems
Filtering
Frequency-Shaping Filters
Frequency-Selective Filters
Continuous-Time Filters
Discrete-Time Filters

Part II: Electronic Devices

12 Energy Bands in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Silicon

Semiconductor Materials
Insulators
Conductors
Semiconductors
Semiconductor Types
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Law of Mass Action
Hall Effect

13 Carrier Transport, Generation and Recombination

Current Transport in a Semiconductor
Drift Current
Diffusion Current
Mobility
Resistivity
Generation and Recombination of Carriers
Recombination
Poisson’s Equation
Continuity Equation

14 P-N Junctions Diodes, BJTS, MOS Capacitor and FETs

P-N Junction
Forward-Bias Condition
Reverse-Bias Condition
Band Structure of a P-N Junction
Ideal and Practical Diodes
Ideal Diode
Practical Diode

Current Components in a P—N Diode
VOLT-AMPERE (V-I) CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIODE
Temperature Dependence of the V-I Characteristics
Diode Resistance
Static Resistance
Dynamic Resistance
Average AC Resistance
Diode Junction Capacitance
Transition Capacitance
Diffusion Capacitance
Breakdown Diodes
Avalanche Diodes
Zener Diodes
Varactor Diodes
Tunnel Diodes
Schot Tky Diodes
Point Contact Diodes and Power Diodes
Point Contact Diodes
Power Diodes

Light-Emitting Diodes
Photodiodes
Solar Cells
Principle of Operation of a Solar Cell
Current-Voltage and Power-Voltage Characteristics of a Solar Cell
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Capacitors
Transistor Construction and Types
NPN Transistor
PNP Transistor
Transistor Operation
Transistor Biased in the Active Region
Transistor Configurations
Common Base Configuration
Common-Emitter Configuration
Common-Collector Configuration
Bipolar Junction Transistors Versus Field-Effect Transistors
Junction Field-Effect Transistors
Construction and Principle of Operation
Characteristic Curves

Calculation of Pinch-Off Voltage Based On Physical Parameters
Effect of Temperature on JFET Parameters
Metal-Oxide Field-Effect Transistors
Depletion MOSFETs
Enhancement MOSFETs
FET Parameters and Specifications
Characteristic Parameters
Differences Between JFETs and MOSFETs
Handling MOSFETs
Dual-GATE Mosfet
Vmos Devices
Cmos Devices
Insulated GATE Bipolar Transistors

15 Integrated Circuit Fabrication Process

Integrated Circuits
Integrated Circuit Fabrication Process
Lithography
Etching
Deposition
Chemical Mechanical Planarization
Oxidation
Ion Implantation
Doping
Diffusion
CMOS Fabrication
N-well CMOS process
P-Well CMOS process
Twin-Tub Process

Part III: Analog Circuits

16 Small Signal Equivalent Circuits of Diodes, BJTs and MOSFETS

Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes
Load Line Analysis of A Diode Circuit
DC Applied Voltage
AC Applied Voltage
Photodiode Application Circuits
Breakdown diode (Zener and avalanche diodes) application circuits
Designing a Voltage Regulator
EBERS–Moll Model of BJTs

h-PARAMETER MODEL FOR BJTs
h-Parameter Model for the Common-Emitter BJT Configuration
h-Parameter Model for the Common-Collector BJT Configuration
h-Parameter Model for the Common-Base BJT Configuration
re Transistor Model
re Model for Common-Emitter BJT Configuration
re Model for Common-Base BJT Configuration
re Model for Common-collector BJT Configuration
Equivalent Model of FETs (JFETs and MOSFETs)

17 Simple Diode Circuits

Connecting Diodes in Series
Connecting Diodes in Parallel
Clipping Circuits
Clamping Circuits
Rectifier Circuits
Characteristic Parameters
Types of Rectifiers
Voltage Multiplier Circuits
Voltage Regulator

18 Single-Stage BJT and Mosfet Amplifiers: Biasing and Bias Stability

BJT Amplifiers
Common-Emitter Configuration
Common Base Configuration
Common Collector Configuration
BIAS Stabilization In BJTs
Stability Factor
Stability Factor (SICO)
Stability Factor (SVBE)
Stability Factor (Sb)
BIAS Compensation
Diode Compensation for Base—Emitter Voltage (VBE)
Diode Compensation for Leakage Current (ICO)
Thermistor Compensation
Operating Point Considerations in Thermal Runaway
Transistor Switch
JFET Amplifiers
Common Source Configuration
Common Drain Configuration
Common GATE Configuration
Depletion MOSFETS
Enhancement MOSFETS
Feedback Biasing Configuration
Voltage-Divider Biasing Configuration

19 Single-Stage BJT and MOSFET Amplifiers: Mid-Frequency Small

Signal Analysis and Frequency Response
Amplifiers–An Introduction
Single-Stage Amplifiers–Mid-Frequency Small Signal Analysis
Analysis of a BJT Amplifier Using Complete h -Parameter Model
Analysis of BJT Configurations Using Simplified h -Parameter Model
Common-Emitter Configuration
Common-Collector or Emitter-Follower Configuration
Common-Base Configuration

Analysis of FET Amplifiers
Common-Source FET Amplifier
Common-Drain FET Amplifier
Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low-Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers
High-Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers
Frequency Response of FET Amplifiers
Low-Frequency Response FET Amplifiers
High-Frequency Response of a FET Amplifier
Amplifier Rise Time and Sag
Rise Time
Tilt or Sag

20 BJT and MOSFET Amplifiers: Multi-Stage, Differential, Feedback, Power and Operational

Multistage Amplifiers
BJT Cascade Amplifier
FET Cascade Amplifier
Darlington Amplifier
Cascode Amplifier
Differential Amplifiers
Feedback Amplifiers
Advantages of Negative Feedback
Feedback Topologies
Power Amplifiers
Classification
Power Amplifier Characteristics
Thermal Management of Power Transistors
Operational Amplifiers
Ideal Opamp Versus Practical Opamp
Performance Parameters
Types of Opamps
Frequency Response of Cascaded Amplifier Stages

21 Simple Opamp Circuits

Inverting Amplifier
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Voltage Follower
Summing Amplifier
Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Averager
Integrator
Differentiator
Rectifier Circuits
Clipper Circuits
Clamper Circuits
Peak Detector Circuit
Absolute Value Circuit
Comparator

Opamp Comparator
Comparator with Hysteresis
Window Comparator
Phase Shifters
Instrumentation Amplifier
Non-Linear Amplifier
Relaxation Oscillator
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Voltage-to-Current Converter

22 Active Filters

Passive Low-Pass Filters
Basic RC Low-Pass Filter
RC Low-Pass Filter Circuit as an Integrator
Passive High-Pass Filters
Basic RC High-Pass Filter
RC High-Pass Filter as Differentiator
Active Filters
First-Order Filters
Second-Order Filters

23 Sinusoidal Oscillators

Criterion for Oscillations–Barkhausen Criterion
RC Oscillators
RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
Bubba Oscillator
Twin-T Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillator
LC Oscillators
Armstrong Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
Colpitt Oscillator
Clapp Oscillator
Crystal Oscillator

24 Function Generators, Wave-Shaping Circuits and 555 timers

Multivibrators
Bistable Multivibrator
Schmitt Trigger
Monostable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator
Function Generators
Square Wave Generators
Triangular Wave Generators
Sawtooth Wave Generator
555 Timer
Astable Multivibrator Using Timer IC 555
Monostable Multivibrator Using Timer IC 555

25 Voltage Reference Circuits and Power Supplies

Constituents of a Linear Power Supply
Filters
Inductor Filter
Capacitor Filter
LC Filter
CLC Filter (p -Filter)
Linear Regulators or Linear Voltage Reference Circuit
Emitter-Follower Regulator
Series-Pass Regulator
Current Limiting in Series-Pass Linear Regulators
Shunt Regulator
Linear IC Voltage Regulators
General Purpose Precision Linear Voltage Regulator
Three-Terminal Regulators
Boosting Current Delivery Capability
Switched Mode Power Supplies
Different Types of Switched Mode Power Supplies
Flyback Converters
Forward Converter
Push—Pull Converter
Switching Regulators
Buck Regulator
Boost Regulator
Inverting Regulator
Linear Versus Switched Mode Power Supplies
Regulated Power Supply Parameters
Load Regulation
Line Regulation
Output Impedance
Ripple Rejection Factor

Part IV: Digital Circuits

26 N umber Systems

Number Systems
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Representation of Binary Numbers
Sign-Bit Magnitude
1’s Complement
2’s Complement
Number Conversions
Finding Decimal Equivalent
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion

Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Octal-to-Binary and Binary-to-Octal Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Binary and Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Octal and Octal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Floating Point Numbers
BCD Numbers
Gray Code Numbers

27 Combinatorial Circuits: Boolean Algebra & Minimization of Functions Using Boolean Ierenesties and Minimization of functions Using and Karnaugh Map

Boolean Algebra—An Introduction
Variables, Literals and Terms in Boolean Expressions
Equivalent and Complement of Boolean Expressions
Dual of a Boolean Expression
Postulates and Theorems Of Boolean Algebra
Postulates
Theorems of Boolean Algebra
Simplification of Boolean Functions
Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Boolean Expressions
Expanded Forms of Boolean Expressions
Canonical Form of Boolean Expressions
S and P Nomenclature
Quine–McCluskey Tabular Method
Karnaugh Map Method

28 Combinatorial Circuits: Logic Gates and their Implementation (TTL, ECL and CMOS)

Positive and Negative Logic
Truth Table
Logic Gates
OR GATE
AND GATE
NOT GATE
Exclusive-OR GATE
NAND GATE
NOR GATE
Exclusive-NOR GATE
INHIBIT GATE
Universal Gates
GATE with Open Collector/Drain Outputs
Tristate Logic GATE
AND-OR-INVERT Gates
Schmitt Gates
Fan-out of Logic Gates
Buffers And Transceivers
Logic Families
Types of Logic Families
Characteristic Parameters

Transistor—Transistor Logic
Standard TTL
Low-Power TTL
High-Power TTL
Schottky TTL (74S/54S)
Low-Power Schottky TTL
Advanced Low-Power Schottky and Advanced Schottky TTL
Emitter-Coupled Logic
Logic GATE Implementation in ECL
Salient Features of ECL
CMOS Logic Family
Circuit Implementation of Logic Functions
CMOS with Open Drain Outputs
CMOS with Tristate Outputs
Floating or Unused Inputs
CMOS Subfamilies
BICMOS Logic
NMOS and PMOS Logic
Comparison of Different Logic Families

29 Combinatorial Circuits: Arithmetic Circuits, Code Converters, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Decoders and PLDs (PROMs, PLAs and PALs)

Arithmetic Circuits
Half-Adder
Full-Adder
Half-Subtractor
Full-Subtractor
Controlled Inverter

Adder—Subtractor
BCD Adder
Magnitude Comparator
Multiplexers
Implementing Boolean Functions with Multiplexers
Multiplexers for Parallel-to-Serial Data Conversion
Cascading Multiplexer Circuits
Code Converters
Priority Encoder
DeMultiplexers and Decoders
Implementing Boolean Functions with Decoders
Cascading Decoder Circuits
Programmable Logic Devices
Fixed Logic Versus Programmable Logic
Programmable ROMs
Programmable Logic Array
Programmable Array Logic

30 Sequential Circuits

Multivibrator

Bistable Multivibrator
Schmitt Trigger
Monostable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator
IC Timer-Based Multivibrators
Latches and Flip—Flops
R-S (RESET and SET) Latches and Flip—Flop

J-K Latches and Flip—Flops
Toggle Latch and Togg