Textbook of Biotechnology, 5ed
ISBN: 9788126564040
1104 pages
eBook also available for institutional users
Description
Textbook of Biotechnology, 5th edn., has evolved considerably since the first edition was published in October, 2004, with respect to both structure and content. The main objective has been to conform as far as possible to the recommendations of the expert committees of both University Grants Commission and Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, who had developed the curricula. Hence, the sequence of the chapters in the textbook has been kept exactly as the sequence in which the expert committees had arranged the topics in the recommended Biotechnology curriculum. A broad-spectrum of subjects necessary to understand and teach Biotechnology has been covered and each chapter is written in an in-depth and up-to-date manner.
1. Biomolecules
1.1 Chemical Foundation of Biology
1.2 Classes of Organic Compounds
1.3 Principles of Thermodynamics
1.4 Carbohydrates
1.5 Amino Acids and Peptides
1.6 Heterocyclic Compounds and Secondary Metabolites
1.7 Lipids – Classification, Structure and Function
1.8 Proteins – Classification and Separation, Purification, End Group Analysis
1.9 Separation Techniques for Lipids and Carbohydrates
2. Macromolecules
2.1 Macromolecules and Supra-molecular Assemblies
2.2 Sequencing of Proteins and Nucleic Acids
2.3 Protein–Protein and Protein–Ligand Interactions: Physical and Chemical Methods for Study
2.4 Conformational Properties of Polynucleotides
2.5 Properties of Double Helical DNA
2.6 Structure and Properties of RNA
2.7 Structural Features of Proteins
2.8 Protein-assisted Folding
2.9 DNA-binding Proteins
2.10 Protein–Nucleic Acid Interactions
2.11 Physical and Chemical Methods for Immobilization of Macromolecules such as Enzymes
2.12 Glycoproteins
2.13 Lipoproteins
2.14 Chromatin Organization
2.15 Ribosome Organization and Function
2.16 Protein Denaturation
2.17 Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Structural Analysis and Biological Studies
2.18 Ribozymes and Catalytic Antibodies: Functional Proteins
2.19 Protein and Nucleic Acid Databases: Structural Comparison at Secondary and Tertiary Levels
3. Analytical Techniques for the Study of Biomolecules
3.1 Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
3.3 Raman Spectroscopy
3.4 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
3.5 Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy
3.6 Viscosity
3.7 Centrifugation
3.8 Determination of Structure of Proteins
3.9 Electrophoresis
3.10 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
3.11 Mass Spectrometry
3.12 Electron Cryomicroscopy
3.13 Recent Advances in Spectroscopy
4. Biophysical Chemistry
4.1 Interactions in Biological Systems
4.2 Structure of Proteins
4.3 Multiple Equilibrium
5. Basic Enzymology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nomenclature and Classification
5.3 Assay of Enzyme Activity
5.4 Mechanism of Action
5.5 Enzyme Kinetics
5.6 Regulation
5.7 Isoenzymes
5.8 Applications
5.9 Epilogue
6. Metabolic Pathways and Their Regulation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bioenergetics and Metabolism
6.3 Catabolic (Degradative) and Anabolic (Biosynthetic) Pathways
6.4 Identification of a Metabolic Sequence
6.5 Glycolysis
6.6 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
6.7 The Glyoxalate Cycle
6.8 Alternate Routes of Glucose Catabolism
6.9 The Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates
6.10 Biosynthetic Pathways Leading from Glucose 6-Phosphate
6.11 Lipid Metabolism: Synthesis and Transport
7. Cell Biology
7.1 The Cell Theory
7.2 Diversity of Cell Size and Shape
7.3 Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
7.4 Isolation and Growth of Cells
7.5 Microscopic Techniques for the Study of Cells
7.6 Subcellular Fractionation
7.7 Cellular Organelles
7.8 Transport of Nutrients, Ions and Macromolecules across Membrane
7.9 Cellular Energy Transactions: Role of Mitochondria and Chloroplast
7.10 The Cell Cycle
7.11 Cellular Responses to Environmental Signals in Plants and Animals
7.12 Cell Motility: Cilia and Flagella
7.13 Biology of Cancer
7.14 Cellular Differentiation
7.15 Mitosis, Meiosis and Fertilization
7.16 Protein Localization
7.17 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
8. Animal Cell Biotechnology
8.1 Structure and Organization of Animal Cell
8.2 Primary Culture and Established Cell Line Cultures
8.3 Equipments and Materials for Animal Cell Culture Technology
8.4 Cell Culture Contaminants
8.5 Basic Techniques of Mammalian Cell Culture: Disaggregation of Tissue and Primary Culture, Maintenance of Cell Culture and Cell Separation
8.6 Growth Media
8.7 Biology and Characterization of Cultured Cells, Measurement of Viability and Cytotoxicity, Measuring Parameters of Growth
8.8 Manipulation of Cultured Cells and Tissues
8.9 Application of Animal Cell Culture
8.10 Stem Cell Culture
8.11 Apoptosis
8.12 Containment Levels
9. Microbial Physiology
9.1 The Beginning of Microbiology
9.2 Culture Methods
9.3 Origin and Evolution of Microbes
9.4 Microbial Diversity
9.5 Microbial Cell Structure
9.6 Microbial Growth
9.7 Carbon Metabolism
9.8 Metabolic Diversity Among Microorganisms
10. Medical Microbiology
10.1 Host–Parasite Relationship
10.2 Microbial Diseases
10.3 Life Cycle and Molecular Biology
10.4 Chemotherapy and Antibiotics
11. Biology of the Immune System
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Immune System: Its Organization and its Cells
11.3 The Molecular Components of an Immune Response
11.4 Effector Components of an Immune Response
11.5 Induction and Regulation of the Immune Response
11.6 Immunity in Health and Diseases
12. Microbial Genetics
12.1 Genes, Mutations and Mutagens
12.2 Bacterial Genetic System
12.3 Bacterial Viruses and their Genetic Systems
12.4 Fungal Genetic Systems
13. Molecular Biology
13.1 Introduction to Molecular Biology
13.2 DNA Replication
13.3 DNA Repair and Recombination
13.4 Gene Transcription
13.5 Post Transcriptional Modifications of mRNA
13.6 Translation of mRNA into Protein
13.7 Post Translational Protein Sorting and Sub-cellular Localization
13.8 Regulation of Gene Expression by Oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor Genes
13.9 Gene Silencing by External Interventions
13.10 Homologous Recombination
13.11 Molecular Mapping of Genome
13.12 Genome Organization
14. Genetic Engineering
14.1 Scope of Genetic Engineering
14.2 Milestones in Genetic Engineering
14.3 Molecular Tools Used in Genetic Engineering and Their Applications
14.4 Nucleic Acid Purification, Yield Analysis
14.5 Nucleic Acid Amplification and its Applications
14.6 Gene Cloning Vectors
14.7 Restriction Mapping of DNA Fragments and Map Construction; Nucleic Acid Sequencing
14.8 cDNA Synthesis and Cloning
14.9 Alternative Strategies of Gene Cloning
14.10 Site-directed Mutagenesis and Protein Engineering
14.11 How to Study Gene Regulation?
14.12 Expression Strategies for Heterologous Genes
14.13 Processing of Recombinant Proteins
14.14 Phage Display
14.15 T-DNA and Transposon Tagging
14.16 Transgenic and Gene Knockout Technologies
14.17 Gene Therapy
15. Plant Biotechnology
15.1 Conventional Plant Breeding
15.2 Cell and Tissue Culture
15.3 Tissue Culture Media
15.4 Isolation and Maintenance of Callus and Suspension Cultures
15.5 Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis
15.6 Shoot-tip Culture, Clonal Propagation and Production of Virus-free Plants
15.7 Embryo Culture and Embryo Rescue
15.8 Protoplast Isolation, Culture and Fusion
15.9 Anther, Pollen and Ovary Culture for Production of Haploid and Homozygous Lines
15.10 Cryopreservation, DNA Banks and Germplasm Conservation
15.11 Basic Techniques in Recombinant DNA Technology
15.12 Plant Transformation Technology
15.13 Application of Plant Transformation for Productivity and Performance
15.14 Chloroplast Transformation
15.15 Metabolic Engineering and Industrial Products
15.16 Molecular Marker-aided Breeding
15.17 Arid and Semiarid Plant Biotechnology
15.18 Green House and Green Home Technology
16. Genomics and Functional Genomics
16.1 Whole Genome Analysis
16.2 Human Genome Project – Genesis
16.3 Functional Genomics
16.4 Proteome Analysis
17. Bioprocess Engineering and Technology
17.1 Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering and Technology
17.2 The Component Parts of a Fermentation Process
17.3 Material Balance
17.4 Bioreactors
17.5 Kinetics of Microbial Growth
17.6 Heat Transfer
17.7 Dimensional Analysis
17.8 Mass Transfer
17.9 Measurement and Control of Bioprocess Parameters
17.10 Sterilization
17.11 Media Design
17.12 Isolation and Preservation of Industrial Microorganisms
17.13 Downstream Processing
17.14 Whole Cell Immobilization and its Industrial Application
17.15 Industrial Production of Chemicals and Biomolecules
17.16 Mineral Beneficiation and Oil Reparation
17.17 Food Technology
17.18 Enzyme Engineering
18. Environmental Biotechnology
18.1 Environment
18.2 Environmental Pollution
18.3 Air Pollution and its Control through Biotechnology
18.4 Global Water Distribution and Need for its Management
18.5 Microbiology of Wastewater Treatment: Aerobic Processes
18.6 Microbiology of Wastewater Treatment: Anaerobic Processes
18.7 Treatment Schemes for Wastewaters from Dairy, Distillery, Tannery, Sugar and Antibiotic Industry
18.8 Microbiology of Degradation of Xenobiotics in Environment
18.9 Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils and Wasteland
18.10 Biopesticides in Integrated Pest Environment
18.11 Solid Waste
18.12 Global Environmental Problems
18.13 Basics of Collecting and Analysis of Environmental Samples
18.14 Emerging New Research Areas in Environmental Biotechnology: Bio-Aerosol/Aerobiology
18.15 Metagenomics and Environment
19. Biostatistics
19.1 Meaning and Scope of Biostatistics
19.2 Visual Presentation of Data
19.3 Summary Measures
19.4 Bivariate Data
19.5 Probability Distribution
19.6 Statistical Inference
19.7 Multivariate Data and Statistical Methods
20. Computer Applications
20.1 Introduction of Digital Computers
20.2 Flow Charts and Programming Techniques
20.3 Introduction to Data Structures and Database Concepts
20.4 Introduction to Web and Internet
20.5 Introduction to C and Q Basic Languages
20.6 Microsoft Word: The Word Processing Software
20.7 Microsoft Excel: The Spreadsheet and Presentation Software
20.8 Presentation Graphics Packages
20.9 The PERL Language: Language for Bioinformatics Application
21. Bioinformatics
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Biological Databases
21.3 Sequence Comparison
21.4 Multiple Sequence Alignment
21.5 Profiles, Motifs and Feature Identification
21.6 Phylogeny
21.7 Bioinformatics in Genomics
21.8 Rational Drug Design
21.9 Network Bioinformatics
21.10 Appendix: Open Source/Freely Available Software for Bioinformatics
22. Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Forms of IPR
22.3 TRIPs and Patent Law
22.4 Patents in Biotechnology
22.5 Other Biotech Patents
22.6 Additional Information Related to Patents in Biotechnology
22.7 Plant Variety Protection
22.8 Conclusion
Important Decisions of the Indian Patent Office Relating to Biotechnology
23. Biomedical Ethics
23.1 Introduction
23.2 International Codes and Declarations
23.3 Basis of Ethical Principles
23.4 Codes and Guidelines in India
23.5 Special Ethical Issues Resulting from the Recent Advances in the Biomedical Field
Color Section
Index